Generate Evidence

Generate Evidence — Brain Climate Equity Collaborative
Our Approach · Pillar One

Generate Evidence

Canada has no dedicated national research program at the intersection of climate change, neurological health, and equity. Brain-CE is building it — one systematic review, community study, and peer-reviewed publication at a time.

Explore the Evidence Hub ↓
0
Canadian national research programs dedicated to the climate-brain-equity intersection before Brain-CE (2025)
204
countries show measurable stroke burden attributable to non-optimal temperatures, documented 1990–2019
6
active evidence-generation projects underway across Brain-CE’s research portfolio
About This Pillar

Why Canada Needs Its Own Evidence Base

The neurological impacts of climate change are not hypothetical — they are being documented in peer-reviewed journals around the world. Yet Canada has no national research agenda, no clinical guidance, and no systematic surveillance program linking climate events to neurological health outcomes. When heatwaves, wildfires, or flooding strike, the neurological toll goes unmeasured, unaddressed, and unacknowledged in policy.

This is not a knowledge gap that international evidence alone can close. Canada’s distinct geography, healthcare system, population diversity, and climate vulnerability — from wildfire smoke seasons in the West to flooding in the East, from Indigenous land dispossession to newcomer communities in Calgary’s hailstorm alley — demand Canadian evidence generated through Canadian community partnerships.

“We need evidence that speaks to the Canadian context — our communities, our climate zones, our health system, our inequities.”

Brain-CE’s Generate Evidence pillar supports systematic reviews, community-based participatory research, institutional data partnerships, and peer-reviewed publications. Our research is always equity-centred: we prioritize studying the populations who bear the greatest burden and have the least access to care — Indigenous and rural communities, newcomers, racialized populations, older adults, and people with pre-existing neurological conditions.

We work in close collaboration with our board’s Scientific Directors — Dr. Philip Barber (stroke neurology, University of Calgary) and Dr. Ali Bateman (physiatry and disability, Western University) — alongside partner institutions including Baycrest, McMaster University, and the International NeuroClimate Working Group.

Research Priorities

  • Heat, stroke, and dementia in equity-denied populations
  • Wildfire smoke (PM2.5) and neurological outcomes across Canada
  • Climate anxiety and trauma in Canadian youth
  • Hailstorm and climate disaster impacts on racialized newcomers (NE Calgary)
  • Indigenous and rural neurological health in climate-impacted communities
  • Policy gaps in Canada’s Air Quality Health Index (AQHI)

Methods We Use

  • Systematic and scoping reviews (PRSIMA, JBI)
  • Community-based participatory research (CBPR)
  • Mixed methods: surveys, semi-structured interviews, thematic analysis
  • Epidemiological data analysis (R, Python)
  • Natural language processing (topic modelling — KHP partnership)
  • Evidence synthesis for policy briefs and peer-reviewed manuscripts

Target Journals & Outputs

  • Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ)
  • The Lancet Neurology
  • Neurology (American Academy of Neurology)
  • Nature Climate Change
  • Community report + policy briefs (non-academic audiences)
  • Multilingual infographic packages for community partners
Leading This Pillar

Our Scientific Directors

Every research output Brain-CE produces — peer-reviewed papers, policy briefs, evidence syntheses — passes through the scientific leadership of two of Canada’s leading clinical neurologists. They don’t just lend their names; they guide methods, ensure rigor, and co-author the work.

Dr. Philip Barber
🔬 Scientific Director, Generate Evidence · Board Member

Dr. Philip Barber

Neurologist & Professor of Neurology and Radiology · University of Calgary · Foothills Medical Centre
“The neurological consequences of climate change are not a future concern — they’re arriving in our hospitals today. The data exists. Brain-CE’s job is to make sure decision-makers can no longer ignore it.”

A stroke neurologist and professor at the University of Calgary, Dr. Barber leads the scientific direction of Brain-CE’s evidence-generation pillar. His deep expertise in cerebrovascular disease — the category of neurological conditions most acutely affected by wildfire smoke, extreme heat, and air pollution — grounds all of Brain-CE’s clinical evidence work. He serves as senior scientific supervisor on the analysis article and the systematic review pipeline, and mentor to Brain-CE’s research fellows through the Stroke and Cognition Research Group at Foothills Medical Centre.

Dr. Ali Bateman
🔬 Scientific Director, Generate Evidence · Board Member

Dr. Ali Bateman

Physiatrist & Assistant Professor · Western University · Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry
“People with disabilities and pre-existing neurological conditions are the canaries in the climate coal mine. Our job is to build the evidence that puts their experiences at the centre of policy — not as a footnote.”

A physiatrist and assistant professor at Western University, Dr. Bateman champions the integration of disability and equity lenses into all of Brain-CE’s research. Her specialization in acquired brain injury and disability ensures that people with pre-existing neurological conditions — who face dramatically elevated risk from climate events — are centered in Brain-CE’s evidence, not treated as edge cases. She co-supervises the analysis article alongside Dr. Barber, and her clinical perspective grounds Brain-CE’s evidence in the realities of living with neurological vulnerability.

Canada’s Critical Gap

While the United Kingdom, Australia, and the European Union have begun integrating brain health into climate adaptation strategies — with dedicated research funding, NHS vulnerability frameworks, and national heat alert systems referencing neurological risk — Canada has none of these. Brain-CE is the first Canadian initiative addressing this gap systematically. Every project in our evidence portfolio represents a piece of the national evidence base that does not yet exist.

🇬🇧 United Kingdom

Lancet Countdown tracks climate-neurological health impacts. NHS adaptation plans reference neurological vulnerability groups explicitly.

🇦🇺 Australia

National heat alert systems address neurological risk groups. Research funding connects bushfire smoke to cognitive outcomes.

🍁 Canada — Status

No national framework. No clinical guidance. No surveillance. Brain-CE is the first dedicated initiative filling this void.

Active Research

Evidence-Generation Projects

Six active and pipeline projects building Canada’s first evidence base at the climate-brain-equity intersection. Every project is community-informed and equity-centred.

Project F Generate Evidence Systemic Change Active

Analysis Article — Wildfire Smoke, Brain Health & Equity

A high-impact scholarly analysis targeting the a scientific journal, investigating the neurological impacts of wildfire smoke (PM2.5) through an equity lens. Authored with neurologists Drs. Gohel, Barber, and Bateman, the manuscript addresses neuroinflammatory pathways, equity disparities in exposure, and critiques Canada’s Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) — proposing evidence-based policy recommendations.

Lead Fellow: Sadia Khan, MSc Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University
Project H Generate Evidence Pending

Systematic / Scoping Review — Climate, Brain Health & Equity

A foundational systematic or scoping review establishing the global and Canadian evidence base at the climate-brain-equity nexus. Protocol development, PICO/PCC framing, and multi-database search strategy (PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO) planned with Rayyan and Zotero. Will be initiated following completion of the analysis. Target: peer-reviewed journal submission in 2026.

Team: Sadia Khan, Shayla Kassam, Tasneem Alnahhas · Awaiting article completion
Project I Generate Evidence Raise Awareness Active

Heat, Dementia & Knowledge Mobilization — Baycrest Partnership

Partnering with Dr. Jessica Cuppage at Baycrest — Canada’s leading brain health and aging centre — to synthesize evidence on heat vulnerability in dementia populations, map stakeholders in geriatric care and climate adaptation, and develop knowledge translation tools including fact sheets for long-term care homes and alert system recommendations. Coordinated with the E2A campaign and CAMH network.

Lead Fellows: Thy Huynh (MSc Environmental Studies, UWaterloo) + Sanjene Sidhu
Project C Generate Evidence Systemic Change Active

Community-Led Research — Indigenous & Rural Communities

Centering the lived experiences of Indigenous, rural, and remote populations at the climate-neurological health intersection. Co-designing trauma-informed, culturally appropriate interview guides and survey tools with Indigenous community partners. Synthesizing findings into policy briefs, advocacy tools, and community-owned infographics. Led by Andrea Monsalve, who brings personal ties to Lethbridge and Southern Alberta communities most affected by wildfire smoke and heat events.

Fellows: Andrea Monsalve (lead), Ayasha Karcher, Katie Patterson, Sabrina Guerrier
Project N · Flagship Generate Evidence Raise Awareness Systemic Change Active — March 2026

Community-Based Research — Climate, Mental Health & Racialized Newcomer Communities in Alberta’s Hailstorm Alley

A 14-month community-based participatory research (CBPR) study addressing climate mental health inequities among racialized and newcomer communities in Northeast Calgary — situated in Alberta’s “hailstorm alley.” Investigating how hailstorms, smoke, and extreme heat create intersecting shocks — property damage, insurance exclusions, financial strain, and mental health harm — that existing support systems are not equipped to address. Target: 2 peer-reviewed publications + community report + multilingual resources.

CIWA Partnership Immigrant Services Calgary Nagar Kirtan Survey (May 2026) Genesis Centre Climate Ready YYC Grant 2 Peer-Reviewed Publications

Research Phases

Phase 1 · Now → April 2026

Evidence synthesis, quotes bank, policy gap analysis, community partner identification and outreach

Phase 2 · April → July 2026

Community entry: Nagar Kirtan survey (100,000+ attendees), Genesis Centre event, ethics approval

Phase 3 · July → Oct 2026

Qualitative interviews (10–20 participants), reflexive thematic analysis, R/Python data analysis

Phase 4 · Oct → Dec 2026

Community report, policy brief, multilingual infographics, peer-reviewed manuscript development

Fellows: Arveen Jhand (lead), Aryan Ghader, Sanjene Sidhu, Sireejana Bhatti, Maya Wood, Shadelia Quailey, Jaynie Galanza · Advisor: Mahak Kaur
Evidence Hub

The Research Foundation

A curated, openly accessible library of peer-reviewed evidence at the intersection of climate change, neurological health, and equity. This is the scientific foundation that every Brain-CE project, advocacy campaign, and policy brief is built upon.

Why This Hub Exists

When Brain-CE was founded, no single Canadian resource synthesized the growing international evidence base on climate and neurological health. Clinicians had no reference. Policymakers had no starting point. Community organizations had no accessible summary. This hub fills that gap — and will grow as our research portfolio produces new Canadian evidence.

35+
peer-reviewed publications and authoritative reports curated in this hub
11
thematic categories covering stroke, dementia, Parkinson’s, anxiety, equity, policy, and more
2021–25
date range of included studies — current, high-impact, peer-reviewed literature
🧠

Stroke & Temperature / Air Pollution 7 studies

Alexeeff et al. (2021)
Long-Term PM2.5 Exposure and Risks of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke Events: Review and Meta-Analysis
Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(1), e016890
StrokePM2.5Meta-analysis
Toubasi & Al-Sayegh (2023)
Short-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Neurology, 101(19), e1922–e1932
StrokeAir PollutionSystematic Review
Qu et al. (2024)
Burden of Stroke Attributable to Nonoptimal Temperature in 204 Countries and Territories: A Population-Based Study, 1990–2019
Neurology, 102(9), e209299
StrokeExtreme HeatGlobal Burden
Alahmad et al. (2024) · MCC Network
Extreme Temperatures and Stroke Mortality: Evidence From a Multi-Country Analysis
Stroke, 55(7), 1847–1856
StrokeExtreme HeatMortality
Chu et al. (2024)
Ambient Temperature and Stroke Risk Among Adults Aged 18–64 Years: A Case-Crossover Study
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 84(23), 2327–2331
StrokeTemperatureYoung Adults
Li et al. (2024)
Joint Exposure to Ambient Air Pollutants, Genetic Risk, and Ischemic Stroke: A Prospective Analysis in UK Biobank
Stroke, 55(3), 660–669
StrokeAir PollutionGenetics
Kono et al. (2025)
Impact of Rapid Temperature Fluctuations on Acute Stroke Risk: A Nationwide Case-Crossover Study from 2001 to 2020
The Lancet Regional Health — Western Pacific, 57, 101546
StrokeTemperature Variability2025
😟

Climate Anxiety & Mental Health 1 study

Hickman et al. (2021)
Climate Anxiety in Children and Young People and Their Beliefs About Government Responses to Climate Change: A Global Survey
The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(12), e863–e873
Climate AnxietyYouthGlobal Survey
🧓

Dementia, Ageing & Air Pollution / Heat 3 studies

Abolhasani et al. (2023)
Air Pollution and Incidence of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Neurology, 100(2), e242–e254
DementiaAir PollutionMeta-analysis
Christensen et al. (2024)
Association of PM2.5 Exposure and Alzheimer Disease Pathology in Brain Bank Donors — Effect Modification by APOE Genotype
Neurology, 102(5), e209162
Alzheimer’sPM2.5APOE
Gao et al. (2024)
Heat Exposure and Dementia-Related Mortality in China
JAMA Network Open, 7(6), e2419250
DementiaExtreme HeatMortality
🫁

Parkinson’s Disease & Air Pollution 2 studies

Krzyzanowski et al. (2023)
Fine Particulate Matter and Parkinson Disease Risk Among Medicare Beneficiaries
Neurology, 101(21), e2058–e2067
Parkinson’sPM2.5Equity
Krzyzanowski et al. (2024)
Air Pollution and Parkinson Disease in a Population-Based Study
JAMA Network Open, 7(9), e2433602
Parkinson’sAir Pollution
🦟

Vector-Borne & Neuroinfectious Risks 2 studies

Mojahed et al. (2022)
Climate Crises and Developing Vector-Borne Diseases: A Narrative Review
Iranian Journal of Public Health, 51(12), 2664–2673
Vector-BorneLymeWest Nile
World Health Organization (2023)
World Malaria Report 2023 — Chapter 10: Climate Change
Geneva, Switzerland: WHO
Vector-BorneWHO
🔬

Cross-Cutting Reviews: Climate, Air Pollution & the Nervous System 2 reviews

Louis et al. (2023)
Impacts of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Neurologic Health, Disease, and Practice: A Scoping Review
Neurology, 100(10), 474–483
Scoping ReviewNeurologyClimate
Sisodiya et al. (2024) — The Lancet Neurology Commission
Climate Change and Disorders of the Nervous System
The Lancet Neurology, 23(6), 636–648
Lancet CommissionComprehensive Review2024
🌡️

Extreme Heat — Health & Society Context 4 studies

Ballester et al. (2023)
Heat-Related Mortality in Europe During the Summer of 2022
Nature Medicine, 29(7), 1857–1866
Extreme HeatMortality
Callahan & Mankin (2022)
Globally Unequal Effect of Extreme Heat on Economic Growth
Science Advances, 8(43), eadd3726
Extreme HeatGlobal Inequity
Kelton et al. (2022)
Rising Temperatures Erode Human Sleep Globally
One Earth, 5(5), 534–549
HeatSleepBrain Health
Delaney et al. (2025)
Extreme Heat and Hospitalization Among Older Persons With Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias
JAMA Internal Medicine, 185(4), 412–421
HeatDementia2025
⚖️

Disparities, Equity & Climate Justice 4 studies

Jbaily et al. (2022)
Air Pollution Exposure Disparities Across US Population and Income Groups
Nature, 601(7892), 228–233
EquityAir Pollution DisparitiesRace
Morello-Frosch & Obasogie (2023)
The Climate Gap and the Color Line — Racial Health Inequities and Climate Change
The New England Journal of Medicine, 388(10), 943–949
EquityRacial HealthClimate Gap
Public Health Agency of Canada (2024)
Rapid Review: An Intersectional Analysis of the Disproportionate Health Impacts of Wildfires on Diverse Populations and Communities (Including First Nations)
Public Health Agency of Canada
Indigenous HealthWildfires🍁 Canada
Brubacher et al. (2024)
Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss, and Indigenous Peoples’ Health and Wellbeing: A Systematic Umbrella Review Protocol
Systematic Reviews, 13(1), 8
Indigenous Health🍁 CanadaUmbrella Review
🌲🔥

Wildfire Smoke — Canadian Public Health Guidance & Policy 4 resources

Health Canada (2024)
Human Health Effects of Wildfire Smoke — 2024 Evidence Synthesis
Report & Brochure · Ottawa, Canada: Health Canada
🍁 CanadaWildfire SmokeEvidence Synthesis
Government of Canada (2025)
Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) — National Risk Tool & Guidance
Government of Canada [Updated 2025]
🍁 CanadaAQHIPolicy
Ontario Ministry of Health (2024)
Wildfire Smoke & Air Quality: Reference Document
Ontario Ministry of Health
🍁 OntarioAir QualityClinical Guidance
British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC)
Wildfire Smoke & the AQHI
BCCDC Factsheet
🍁 BCPatient-FacingAQHI
🏠

Indoor / Residential Combustion & Air Quality 3 studies

American Lung Association & ICF (2022, addendum 2025)
Literature Review on the Impacts of Residential Combustion
American Lung Association Final Report
Indoor AirEquity
Marin et al. (2022)
Residential Wood Heating: An Overview of U.S. Impacts and Regulations
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 72(7), 619–628
Indoor AirWood Burning
Sun et al. (2025)
Associations Between Residential Fossil Fuel Combustion and Indoor Concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Aldehydes in Canadian Homes
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 35, 649–660
🍁 CanadaIndoor Air2025
📢

Communication, Practice & Policy 2 resources

Kotcher et al. (2024)
How to Communicate About Climate Change With Patients
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 385, e079831
Clinical PracticePatient Communication
World Stroke Organization (2024)
Policy Statement on Climate Change & Stroke
International Journal of Stroke, 19(6), NP1–NP4
PolicyStrokeGlobal Guidance

Help Us Build the Evidence Base

Whether you are a researcher with relevant expertise, a student looking to lead a project, or an institution with data access — Brain-CE welcomes collaboration to advance Canada’s climate-brain-health evidence base.

Get Involved See All Projects →